The Troubled Relationship Between Gertrude and Hamlet

The Troubled Relationship Between Gertrude and Hamlet In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Claudius murders his brother, the King of Denmark, and subsequently usurps the Danish throne. Shattering the purity of the royal family, he allures Queen Gertrude into an incestuous wedding so hastily that â€Å"The funeral baked meats / Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables† (I.ii.180-1). Lost in this sullied household is Prince Hamlet, shrouded in the black of mourning, who condemns his mother’s quick, lustful willingness to marry his uncle. Hamlet’s abject tears melt into vengeance, however, when the ghost of his father orders him to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (I.v.25). He complicates his command to the Prince by admonishing him to†¦show more content†¦Bradley’s point, however, that â€Å"[Gertrude] loved to be happy, like a sheep in the sun† ignores her active involvement in the court espionage and her struggle with guilt near the end of the play. On the other hand, some examine her through the words of her fellow characters. Marvin Rosenberg, compared with Bradley’s critique, presents a largely different view of the queen: But many who listen to what Claudius, old Hamlet, and his son say of Gertrude discern quite another queen – a woman of some power, described by such adjectives: cunning, deceptive, sensual, erotic, loving, shrewd, urbane, hard, conscienceless, lustful, sexy, the epitome of falseness, corrupted (71). Within this spectrum of analyses, Gertrude remains a complicated, enigmatic character; yet, at her core, she is the focus of love for three formidable men: old Hamlet, his son, and Claudius. Using the queen’s dialogue to decipher her complex connection and interactions with Hamlet, however, is challenging because she tends to eschew revealing oratory in favor of terse statements. Una Ellis-Fermor correctly argues: â€Å"In Gertrude’s speech there are remarkably few images, and those generally colorless and drawn almost entirely from commonplace themes† (89). For example, in II.ii she interrupts Polonius’s exaggerated discourse, saturated with rhetorical flourishes such as antanaclasis and antistrophe (â€Å"... cause of this effect - /Show MoreRelatedClaudius Character Analysis858 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, one of the most popular plays ever written. Claudius causes a war between passion and responsibility when he murders the father of Hamlet, the main character, and then marries Hamlets mother Gertrude. Claudius killed Hamlets father and then married Gertrude only so he could take the crown and become King. Clau dius put passion in front of his responsibilities as Hamlets uncle and as a result of Claudius’ actions, Hamlet is forced to find revenge on him for theRead More Strange Behavior and Ghosts in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1519 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the play ‘Hamlet‘, we see that the protagonist seems troubled and quite isolated. The Shakespearean play is believed to have been first performed between 1600 and 1601 but not published until 1603. Hamlet is the young prince of Denmark, his mother Gertrude married her brother-in-law shortly after her husband (Hamlet’s father) died. In the Elizabethan era many people believed in supernatural forces and this is displayed within the play when Hamlet’s father returns as a ghost. Many peopleRead MoreFemale Empowerment By William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesElizabethan Era, during which William Shakespeare s Hamlet was written, the societal role of women was divergent to our c urrent beliefs. The play follows young prince Hamlet s revengeful journey to avenge his father s murder by his uncle Claudius; throughout which, we see the protagonist constantly delaying his revenge due to excessive contemplation and perpetual doubt. The two major female roles in the play are Hamlet s mother, Queen Gertrude, and his lover, Ophelia. Throughout the play, theseRead MoreHamlet Is The Longest Of Shakespeare s Plays Written During The Elizabethan Era1193 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is the longest of Shakespeare’s plays written during the Elizabethan era in which the title character seeks revenge on his fathers’ death by Claudius. Consisting of 5 Acts, the first act contains 5 scenes. The first scene of Act 1 (the opening scene) illustrates an atmosphere full of fear and ghosts. Bernardo and Francisco both appear to be on edge. When Bernardo asks, â€Å" Who’s there?† Francisco responds, â€Å"Nay, answer me. Stand and unfold yourself.† The scene is immediately set and widespreadRead MoreUnderstanding the Mind of Hamlet with His Soliloquies Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesUnderstanding the Mind of Hamlet with His Soliloquies The term soliloquy is a literary or dramatic form of discourse, within which a character talks to himself and reveals his inner thoughts without addressing a listener. Hamlet uses soliloquies to express his feelings towards his dead father and self loathing to the reader of the play but to none of the characters within it. Hamlet has a complex character and it is important for the audience to be able to understandRead MoreHamlet Film Adaption Vs. Play Comparison1216 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Film Adaption vs. Play Comparison Shakespeare’s Hamlet has countlessly been formatted into film depictions of the play. Each film seemed to be on one end of the spectrum of either being closely interpreted or completely remodeled a different idea of what Hamlet is. The film version of Hamlet released in 2000 seems to follow closely to the play in some aspects, yet at the same time having its own unique identity Despite there being many differences with the play Hamlet and the film adaptationRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1413 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet focuses on Hamlet, a 30-year old man who tries to seek revenge for his father. Reading the play and looking at it through a contemporary lenses, one can assume the title character is homosexual. Even though Shakespeare does not mean for hamlet to be a homosexual, a contemporary reader can assume this argument; through Hamlet’s characterization and misogynistic relations. Hamlet social aspects has an apparent fluctuation, ever since he encountered his father’s ghostRead MoreHamlet Feature Article1087 Words   |  5 PagesWrite a review of Hamlet based on a viewing, whereby you ponder the question of the texts enduring relevance. A news feature based on the play where having seen the play, you analyse why the play remains relevant to modern audiences. In itself becomes a text of textual integrity. How do people value it? Discuss some aspects that you would argue to allow the text to view it as something engaging and valuable. Hamlet Through Time Hamlet. Not just your typical revenge tragedy, but something deeperRead MoreGertrude s Tragic End Of Shakespeare s Hamlet1907 Words   |  8 Pageseven of the purpose of the play itself. The character of Gertrude is no exception. Gertrude’s character and motives, being left ambiguous, have been interpreted in many different ways in various productions of Hamlet. Was she implicit in the death of King Hamlet, or was she merely a clueless bystander? Did she drink the poison as an act of motherly self-sacrifice, or was it an accidental tragedy? 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The Vampire Diaries Dark Reunion Chapter Ten Free Essays

Meredith sat down on the knee-high wall of the ruined church. â€Å"You said it was going to be dangerous, Stefan, but you didn’t say you were going to let him strangle me.† â€Å"I’m sorry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Ten or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was hoping he’d give some more information, especially after he admitted to being there when Sue died. But I shouldn’t have waited.† â€Å"I haven’t admitted anything! You can’t prove anything,† Tyler said. The animal whine was back in his voice, but on the walk up his face and body had returned to normal. Or rather, they’d returned to human, Meredith thought. The swelling and bruises and dried blood weren’t normal. â€Å"This isn’t a court of law, Tyler,† she said. â€Å"Your father can’t help you now.† â€Å"But if it were, we’d have a pretty good case,† Stefan added. â€Å"Enough to put you away on conspiracy to commit murder, I think.† â€Å"That’s if somebody doesn’t melt down their grandma’s teaspoons to make a silver bullet,† Matt put in. Tyler looked from one to another of them. â€Å"I won’t tell you anything.† â€Å"Tyler, you know what you are? You’re a bully,† Bonnie said. â€Å"And bullies always talk.† â€Å"You don’t mind pinning a girl down and threatening her,† said Matt, â€Å"but when her friends turn up, you’re scared spitless.† Tyler just glared at all of them. â€Å"Well, if you don’t want to talk, I guess I’ll have to,† Stefan said. He leaned down and picked up the thick book he’d gotten from the library. One foot on the lip of the tomb, he rested the book on his knee and opened it. In that moment, Meredith thought, he looked frighteningly like Damon. â€Å"This is a book by Gervase of Tilbury, Tyler,† he said. â€Å"It was written around the year 1210 a.d. One of the things it talks about is werewolves.† â€Å"You can’t prove anything! You don’t have any evidence-â€Å" â€Å"Shut up, Tyler!† Stefan looked at him. â€Å"I don’t need to prove it. I can see it, even now. Have you forgotten what I am?† There was a silence, and then Stefan went on. â€Å"When I got here a few days ago, there was a mystery. A girl was dead. But who killed her? And why? All the clues I could see seemed contradictory. â€Å"It wasn’t an ordinary killing, not some human psycho off the street. I had the word of somebody I trusted on that-and independent evidence, too. An ordinary killer can’t work a Ouija board by telekinesis. An ordinary killer can’t cause fuses to blow in a power plant hundreds of miles away. â€Å"No, this was somebody with tremendous physical and psychic power. From everything Vickie told me, it sounded like a vampire. â€Å"And there was another thing. You were in that house, Tyler. You made the mistake of grabbing Bonnie that night, and then you made the mistake of shooting off your mouth the next day, saying things you couldn’t have known unless you were there. â€Å"So what did we have? A seasoned vampire, a vicious killer with Power to spare? Or a high school bully who couldn’t organize a trip to the toilet without falling over his own feet? Which? The evidence pointed both ways, and I couldn’t make up my mind. â€Å"Then I went to see Sue’s body myself. And there it was, the biggest mystery of all. A cut here.† Stefan’s finger sketched a sharp line down from his collarbone. â€Å"Typical, traditional cut-made by vampires to share their own blood. But Sue wasn’t a vampire, and she didn’t make that cut herself. Someone made it for her as she lay there dying on the ground.† Meredith shut her eyes, and she heard Bonnie swallow hard beside her. She put out a hand and found Bonnie’s and held tight, but she went on listening. Stefan had not gone into this kind of detail in his explanation to them before. â€Å"Vampires don’t need to cut their victims like that; they use their teeth,† Stefan said. His upper lip lifted slightly to show his own teeth. â€Å"But if a vampire wanted to draw blood for somebody else to drink, he might cut instead of biting. If a vampire wanted to give someone else the first and only taste, he might do that. â€Å"And that started me thinking about blood. Blood is important, you see. For vampires, it gives life, Power. It’s all we need for survival, and there are times when needing it drives us crazy. But it’s good for other things, too. For instance†¦ initiation. â€Å"Initiation and Power. Now I was thinking about those two things, putting them together with what I’d seen of you, Tyler, when I was in Fell’s Church before. Little things I hadn’t really focused on. But I remembered something Elena had told me about your family history, and I decided to check it out in Honoria Fell’s journal.† Stefan lifted a piece of paper from between the pages of the book he held. â€Å"And there it was, in Honoria’s handwriting. I Xeroxed the page so I could read it to you. The Smallwoods’ little family secret-if you can read between the lines.† Looking down at the paper, he read: â€Å"November 12. Candles made, flax spun. We are short on cornmeal and salt, but we will get through the winter. Last night an alarm; wolves attacked Jacob Smallwood as he returned from the forest. I treated the wound with whortleberry and sallow bark, but it is deep and I am afraid. After coming home I cast the runes. I have told no one but Thomas the results. â€Å"December 20. Wolf trouble at the Smallwoods’ again. We heard the screams a few minutes ago, and Thomas said it was time. He made the bullets yesterday. He has loaded his rifle and we will walk over. If we are spared, I will write again. â€Å"December 21. Went over to Smallwoods’ last night. Jacob sorely afflicted. Wolf killed. â€Å"We will bury Jacob in the little graveyard at the foot of the hill. May his soul find peace in death. â€Å"In the official history of Fell’s Church,† Stefan said, â€Å"that’s been interpreted to mean that Thomas Fell and his wife went over to the Smallwoods’ to find Jacob Smallwood being attacked by a wolf again, and that the wolf killed him. But that’s wrong. What it really says is not that the wolf killed Jacob Smallwood but that Jacob Smallwood, the wolf, was killed.† Stefan shut the book. â€Å"He was a werewolf, your great-great-great-whatever grandfather, Tyler. He got that way by being attacked by a werewolf himself. And he passed his werewolf virus on to the son who was born eight and a half months after he died. Just the way your father passed it on to you.† â€Å"I always knew there was something about you, Tyler,† Bonnie said, and Meredith opened her eyes. â€Å"I never could tell what it was, but at the back of my mind something was telling me you were creepy.† â€Å"We used to make jokes about it,† Meredith said, her voice still husky. â€Å"About your ‘animal magnetism and your big white teeth. We just never knew how close to the mark we were.† â€Å"Sometimes psychics can sense that kind of thing,† Stefan conceded. â€Å"Sometimes even ordinary people can. I should have seen it, but I was preoccupied. Still, that’s no excuse. And obviously somebody else-the psychic killer-saw it right away. Didn’t he, Tyler? A man wearing an old raincoat came to you. He was tall, with blond hair and blue eyes, and he made some kind of a deal with you. In exchange for-something-he’d show you how to reclaim your heritage. How to become a real werewolf. â€Å"Because according to Gervase of Tilbury†-Stefan tapped the book on his knee -â€Å"a werewolf who hasn’t been bitten himself needs to be initiated. That means you can have the werewolf virus all your life but never even know it because it’s never activated. Generations of Smallwoods have lived and died, but the virus was dormant in them because they didn’t know the secret of waking it up. But the man in the raincoat knew. He knew that you have to kill and taste fresh blood. After that, at the first full moon you can change.† Stefan glanced up, and Meredith followed his gaze to the white disk of the moon in the sky. It looked clean and two dimensional now, no longer a sullen red globe. â€Å"Very clever,† said Meredith, and Matt said, â€Å"No kidding.† Bonnie wet her finger and marked an imaginary 1 on an invisible Scoreboard. â€Å"I knew you wouldn’t be able to resist following one of the girls here if you thought she’d be alone,† said Stefan. â€Å"You’d think that the graveyard was the perfect place to kill; you’d have complete privacy. And I knew you wouldn’t be able to resist bragging about what you’d done. I was hoping you’d tell Meredith more about the other killer, the one who actually threw Sue out the window, the one who cut her so you could drink fresh blood. The vampire, Tyler. Who is he? Where is he hiding?† Tyler’s look of venomous hatred changed to a sneer. â€Å"You think I’d tell you that? He’s my friend.† â€Å"He is not your friend, Tyler. He’s using you. And he’s a murderer.† â€Å"Don’t get in any deeper, Tyler,† Matt added. â€Å"You’re already an accessory. Tonight you tried to kill Meredith. Pretty soon you’re not going to be able to go back even if you want to. Be smart and stop this now. Tell us what you know.† Tyler bared his teeth. â€Å"I’m not telling you anything. How’re you going to make me?† The others exchanged glances. The atmosphere changed, became charged with tension as they all turned back to Tyler. â€Å"You really don’t understand, do you?† Meredith said quietly. â€Å"Tyler, you helped kill Sue. She died for an obscene ritual so that you could change into that thing I saw. You were planning to kill me, and Vickie and Bonnie too, I’m sure. Do you think we have any pity for you? Do you think we brought you up here to be nice to you?† There was a silence. The sneer was fading from Tyler’s lips. He looked from one face to another. They were all implacable. Even Bonnie’s small face was unforgiving. â€Å"Gervase of Tilbury mentions one interesting thing,† Stefan said, almost pleasantly. â€Å"There’s a cure for werewolves besides the traditional silver bullet. Listen.† By moonlight, he read from the book on his knee. â€Å"It is commonly reported and held by grave and worthy doctors that if a werewolf be shorn of one of his members, he shall surely recover his original body. Gervase goes on to tell the story of Raimbaud of Auvergne, a werewolf who was cured when a carpenter cut off one of his hind paws. Of course, that was probably hideously painful, but the story goes that Raimbaud thanked the carpenter ‘for ridding him forever of the accursed and damnable form.’ † Stefan raised his head. â€Å"Now, I’m thinking that if Tyler won’t help us with information, the least we can do is make sure he doesn’t go out and kill again. What do the rest of you say?† â€Å"All we have to do is relieve him of one of his members,† Bonnie agreed. â€Å"I can think of one right off,† Meredith said under her breath. Tyler’s eyes were starting to bulge. Under the dirt and blood his normally ruddy face had gone pale. â€Å"You’re bluffing!† â€Å"Get the ax, Matt,† said Stefan. â€Å"Meredith, you take off one of his shoes.† Tyler kicked when she did, aiming for her face. Matt came and got his head in a hammer-lock. â€Å"Don’t make it any worse on yourself, Tyler.† The bare foot Meredith exposed was big, the sole as sweaty as Tyler’s palms. Coarse hair sprouted from the toes. It made Meredith’s skin crawl. â€Å"Let’s get this over with,† she said. â€Å"You’re joking!† Tyler howled, thrashing so that Bonnie had to come and grab his other leg and kneel on it. â€Å"You can’t do this! You can’t!† â€Å"Keep him still,† Stefan said. Working together, they stretched Tyler out, his head locked in Matt’s arm, his legs spread and pinned by the girls. Making sure Tyler could see what he was doing, Stefan balanced a branch perhaps two inches thick on the lip of the tomb. He raised the ax and then brought it down hard, severing the stick with one blow. â€Å"It’s sharp enough,† he said. â€Å"Meredith, roll his pants leg up. Then tie some of that cord just above his ankle as tight as you can for a tourniquet. Otherwise he’ll bleed out.† â€Å"You can’t do this!† Tyler was screaming. â€Å"You can’t dooooooo this!† â€Å"Scream all you want, Tyler. Up here, nobody’s going to hear you, right?† Stefan said. â€Å"You’re no better than I am!† Tyler yelled in a spray of spittle. â€Å"You’re a killer too!† â€Å"I know exactly what I am,† Stefan said. â€Å"Believe me, Tyler. I know. Is everybody ready? Good. Hold on to him; he’s going to jump when I do it.† Tyler’s screams weren’t even words anymore. Matt was holding him so that he could see Stefan kneel and take aim, hefting the ax blade above Tyler’s ankle to gauge force and distance. â€Å"Now,† said Stefan, raising the ax high. â€Å"No! No! I’ll talk to you! I’ll talk!† shrieked Tyler. Stefan glanced at him. â€Å"Too late,† he said, and brought the ax down. It rebounded off the stone floor with a clang and a spark, but the noise was drowned by Tyler’s screaming. It seemed to take Tyler several minutes to realize that the blade hadn’t touched his foot. He paused for breath only when he choked, and turned wild, bulging eyes on Stefan. Little whimpers were coming from Tyler’s throat and there was foam on his lips. â€Å"I don’t know his name,† he gasped out. â€Å"But he looks like you said. And you’re right; he’s a vampire, man! I saw him drain a ten-point buck while it was still kicking. He lied to me,† Tyler added, the whine creeping back into his voice. â€Å"He told me I’d be stronger than anybody, as strong as him. He said I could have any girl I wanted, any way I wanted. The creep lied.† â€Å"He told you that you could kill and get away with it,† Stefan said. â€Å"He said I could do Caroline that night. She had it coming after the way she ditched me. I wanted to make her beg-but she got out of the house somehow. I could have Caroline and Vickie, he said. All he wanted was Bonnie and Meredith.† â€Å"But you just tried to kill Meredith.† â€Å"That was now. Things are different now, stupid. He said it was all right.† â€Å"Why?† Meredith asked Stefan in an undertone. â€Å"Maybe because you’d served your purpose,† he said. â€Å"You’d brought me here.† Then he went on, â€Å"All right, Tyler, show us you’re cooperating. Tell us how we can get this guy.† â€Å"Get him? You’re nuts!† Tyler burst into ugly laughter, and Matt tightened the arm around his throat. â€Å"Hey, choke me all you want; it’s still the truth. He told me he’s one of the Old Ones, one of the Originals, whatever that means. He said he’s been making vampires since before the pyramids. He said he’s made a bargain with the devil. You could stick a stake in his heart and it wouldn’t do anything. You can’t kill him.† The laughter became uncontrolled. â€Å"Where’s he hiding, Tyler?† Stefan rapped out. â€Å"Every vampire needs a place to sleep. Where is it?† â€Å"He’d kill me if I told you that. He’d eat me, man. God, if I told you what he did to that buck before it died†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyler’s laughter was turning into something like sobs. â€Å"Then you’d better help us destroy him before he can find you, hadn’t you? What’s his weak point? How’s he vulnerable?† â€Å"God, that poor buck†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyler was blubbering. â€Å"What about Sue? Did you cry over her?† Stefan said sharply. He picked up the ax. â€Å"I think,† he said, â€Å"that you’re wasting our time.† The ax lifted. â€Å"No! No! I’ll talk to you; I’ll tell you something. Look, there’s one kind of wood that can hurt him-not kill him, but hurt him. He admitted that but didn’t tell me what it was! I swear to you that’s the truth!† â€Å"Not good enough, Tyler,† said Stefan. â€Å"For God’s sake-I’ll tell you where he’s going tonight. If you get over there fast enough, maybe you can stop him.† â€Å"What do you mean, where he’s going tonight? Talk fast, Tyler!† â€Å"He’s going to Vickie’s, okay? He said tonight we get one each. That’s helpful, isn’t it? If you hurry, maybe you can get there!† Stefan had frozen, and Meredith felt her heart racing. Vickie. They hadn’t even thought about an attack on Vickie. â€Å"Damon’s guarding her,† Matt said. â€Å"Right, Stefan? Right?† â€Å"He’s supposed to be,† Stefan said. â€Å"I left him there at dusk. If something happened, he should have called me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You guys,† Bonnie whispered. Her eyes were big and her lips were trembling. â€Å"I think we’d better get over there now.† They stared at her a moment and then everyone was moving. The ax clanged on the floor as Stefan dropped it. â€Å"Hey, you can’t leave me like this! I can’t drive! He’s gonna come back for me! Come back and untie my hands!† Tyler shrieked. None of them answered. They ran all the way down the hill and piled into Meredith’s car. Meredith took off speeding, rounding corners dangerously fast and gliding through stop signs, but there was a part of her that didn’t want to get to Vickie’s house. That wanted to turn around and drive the other way. I’m calm; I’m the one who’s always calm, she thought. But that was on the outside. Meredith knew very well how calm you could look on the outside when inside everything was breaking up. They rounded the last corner onto Birch Street and Meredith hit the brakes. â€Å"Oh, God!† Bonnie cried from the backseat. â€Å"No! No!† â€Å"Quick,† Stefan said. â€Å"There may still be a chance.† He wrenched open the door and was out even before the car had stopped. But in back, Bonnie was sobbing. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Ten, Essay examples

Business Law and Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Business Law and Ethics. Answer: In legal parlance the word negligence may be defined as a failure by the defendant to exercise, proper standard of care in a particular circumstances, which any prudent person would have exercised in such similar circumstances (Eades 2015). It is a lawful duty to exercise adequate care in the event when one can foresee that failing to exercise such care would likely cause damages or injury. To bring a legal action against the wrongdoer the aggrieved person must establish the following essentials of negligence: duty of care, breach of duty of care, causation and remoteness of the damage (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis 2012). In the given case, Trevor has been negligent as it was his duty to ensure the safety of his tourists. He was supposed to take the tourists back within daylight but he got too involved in his work to bring back the tourists safely. He has committed a breach of his duty to take care. However, Anna was equally negligence in her actions. Despite being aware of the rules and regulations, she did not follow them. In such circumstances, Anna may bring legal action against Trevor for his act of negligence; Trevor may apply the principle of contributory negligence in his defense against such action. The essential elements of Torts of Negligence are enumerated as below: First Element: Duty of care Duty of care is the responsibility of one person towards another not to inflict injury to that person. In law of tort when one person acts recklessly or negligently which in turn causes injury to another person, the person causing such injury is liable to pay damages to the aggrieved person (Mendelson 2014). This essential element has been well established in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562. The Civil Liability Act 2002 provides provisions in the section 5B and 5C of the Act. This landmark case has established the neighbor test. The principle that one should love its neighbor and that one must not hurt or injure its neighbor was put to question in this case. The court explained that a person owes a duty to exercise reasonable care to avert omissions or acts failing which, the person can reasonably anticipate that such act or omission would likely cause damage to his neighbor. Issue Did Trevor owe a duty of care towards Anna? Law It is a well established law that in order to succeed in a legal suit brought against the defendant for an act of negligence, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant owed to the plaintiff a duty of exercising standard of care to avoid any injury caused to the plaintiff due to the acts of the defendant. In Caparo Industries PIc V Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 it was held that there must exist a relationship recognized by law as neighbor between the party owing duty of care and the party to whom the duty is owed. Application In the present scenario, Anna was one of the tourists who attended one of Trevors walks. Here, since Trevor was the tourist guide, it was his responsibility that he maintains all the safety regulations and make sure that the tourists follow the safety rules as well. The neighbor and the caparo test shall be applied to ensure that one must exercise care towards its neighbor. Conclusion It is established that there existed a relationship of neighbor between Trevor and Anna and he owed a duty to exercise standard of care to ensure the safety of Anna. Second Element: Breach of Duty of Care A person is said to have committed a breach of duty of care if that person fails to exercise the duty of care he owed to the aggrieved person. A person is personally held liable in case of breach if such breach causes injury to the aggrieved person. The court observed the objective test in Bolton v. Stone[1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 to determine whether there was a breach of duty of care. The court explained that the defendant shall be held liable if he fails to exercise reasonable care which any reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances. If a prudent person fails to foresee detrimental consequences of his action, then the defendant shall not be considered negligent in taking safety measures (Giliker 2014). Issue Did Trevor commit a breach of his duty of care? Law If the defendant fails to exercise the standard of reasonable care towards the plaintiff which any prudent person would exercise in the same circumstances, the defendant is said to have committed a breach of his duty of care (Little et al. 2014). The defendant must take necessary precautions to avoid any detrimental consequences, he could foresee that is likely to cause damages or injury to the plaintiff (Guay III and Cummins 2013). Application Trevor himself asked all the tourists to put on sensible clothes and shoes for the walks and that he would conduct, the walk during daytime as there had been incidents of client injuries in the past during the nighttime walks. He failed to notice that Anna was wearing inappropriate clothing, shoes was carrying drinks. Moreover, he got involved with his work for too long and returned after sunset knowing it was not safe to walk in the midst of the forest in the dark. Trevor was could foresee the probability of risk that could result if the walk was conducted in the dark. He failed to exercise the standard of care he owed to Anna and the tourists. Any reasonable person would have exercised the standard of care in such a situation. Conclusion Trevor has committed the breach of his duty of care he owed to Anna. Third Element: Causation The plaintiff must establish the fact that the damages suffered by him were the consequence of the defendants actions. In Barnett V Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428, the court introduced the but for test to determine if the damage caused was because of the defendants breach of duty of care. The test signifies that but for the action of the defendant, would the plaintiff suffered injuries? If the answer is yes, then the defendant is exempted , if no, then he is held liable. Issue Is Trevor liable for the personal injury caused to Anna? Law If the plaintiff proves that the damage suffered by him is a result of the defendants breach of his duty of care, then the court shall determine that if the defendant had not committed a breach, would the plaintiff still suffer such damages (Giliker 2014). If it is so, then the defendant is held liable for the damages caused to the plaintiff and if it is not so, then he shall be exempted from such liability (Goudkamp and Ihuoma 2016). Application In this case, had Trevor noticed that Anna was not wearing proper clothing and proper shoes; she would not have undergone the injury so caused. Conclusion Had Trevor been more cautious and returned during Anna would not have worn heels and sustained knee injury. Fourth Element: Remoteness of damages The plaintiff must establish that the damage caused to him by the defendant as a result of breach is not remote. The court applied the test in the Wagon Mound no 1 [1961] AC 388 that if the damage caused was foreseeable, then the defendant shall be liable for it. If the damage is not predictable then he shall be exempted from the liabilities. Issue Is the damage caused to Anna remote? Law If the damage caused is foreseeable then the defendant shall be held liable for the damage caused by his breach of duty of care. The damage caused must not be remote. It must be the immediate consequence of the defendants action (Iacobucci and Trebilcock 2016). Application Anna sustained knee injuries as she was wearing heels. If Trevor were more cautious, he would not have let her carry heels. Trevor knew wearing heels would result in injury in the forest. Conclusion The injury suffered by Anna was not remote and that Trevor was aware and could predict the risk wearing heels would amount to in the forest. Defenses The doctrine of Contributory Negligence acts as a defense to the defendant in the law of Negligence. This doctrine enables the defendant to defend himself on the ground that the plaintiff is equally responsible for the losses suffered and the injuries sustained by the plaintiff (VanDerhei 2014). The concept of this doctrine has been laid down under section 5R-5 T of the Civil liability Act. The plaintiff may be prevented from recovering damages from the defendant for the injuries sustained (Keating 2015). In the present scenario, Trevor has committed a breach of the duty of care towards Anna as he failed to notice that Anna was not wearing sensible clothing and shoes as was instructed to wear. Anna was also responsible for the injury sustained as she carried drinks. Although Trevor shall not be fully exempted but the amount of damages shall be relaxed to some extent as per the discretion of the court as stated in the case of Stapley v Gypsum Mines[1953] AC 663. Remedies Anna may be entitled to damages for the injuries sustained for the breach committed by Trevor under section 51 of the Civil Liability Act 2002. Although, Anna has committed contributory negligence by not wearing the instructed clothing and carrying drinks during the walk, Trevor shall not be fully exempted from the liabilities. References: Barnett V Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 Bolton v. Stone[1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 Caparo Industries PIc V Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 Deakin, S. 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